Spinal Cord Injury - What Causes It & How To Recover
Learn what causes spinal cord injuries, the symptoms to watch for, and effective recovery strategies. Get expert tips for rehabilitation and improving quality of life after an SCI.
Author:Dr. Bill ButcherApr 04, 20251.2K Shares16.3K Views
A spinal cord injury (SCI) can be a life-changing event, affecting movement, sensation, and various essential bodily functions. The spinal cord plays a critical role in transmitting messages between the brain and the rest of the body. Any damage to this structure can lead to serious complications, ranging from partial loss of function to complete paralysis.
Recognizing the symptoms of an SCI early is crucial for timely medical intervention. Prompt treatment can help prevent further damage and improve recovery outcomes. In this article, we will look into spinal cord injury symptoms, their causes, classifications, secondary complications, and treatment options.
By understanding these aspects, individuals affected by SCI, along with their families and caregivers, can make informed decisions about medical care and rehabilitation.
What Is Spinal Cord Injury?
A spinal cord injury refers to damage affecting any part of the spinal cord, including the nerves at its lower end, known as the cauda equina. The spinal cord plays a crucial role in transmitting signals between the brain and the rest of the body. This damage can result from trauma, medical conditions, or degenerative diseases.
When injured, it often leads to lasting changes in strength, sensation, and various bodily functions below the affected area. In addition to physical challenges, individuals with spinal cord injuries may also experience emotional, mental, and social difficulties. The severity of the injury depends on the extent of the damage and its location along the spine.
Injuries that occur higher up on the spinal cord tend to have more severe consequences because they affect a larger portion of the body. Damage in the cervical spine (neck region) can result in complete paralysis from the neck down, whereas injuries in the lumbar or sacral regions may only impact the legs and lower body.
While there is currently no cure, researchers remain hopeful that future advancements will enable spinal cord repair. Ongoing studies worldwide aim to improve treatment options. In the meantime, rehabilitation and medical care help many people with spinal cord injuries maintain independence and lead fulfilling lives.
Types Of Spinal Cord Injuries
Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are classified in two primary ways: by the location of the injury within the spinal cord and by the severity of the damage. Understanding these classifications is essential for diagnosing the injury, predicting its effects, and planning appropriate treatment. Below, we will discuss these categories in detail.
By Location - Where The Injury Occurs
The spinal cord is divided into four main sections, each corresponding to different regions of the body. The location of the injury determines which functions are affected.
1. Cervical Spine (Neck)
- Location: The cervical spine is the uppermost section of the spinal cord, running from the base of the skull to approximately the level of the shoulders. It consists of eight segments (C1-C8).
- Functions Controlled: This section controls signals to the neck, arms, hands, and diaphragm (the primary muscle used for breathing).
- Impact of Injury: Injuries to the cervical spine are the most severe because they can affect the entire body below the neck. For example:
2. Thoracic Spine (Upper To Mid-Back)
- Location: The thoracic spine extends from the upper back to just below the navel (belly button). It consists of 12 segments (T1-T12).
- Functions Controlled: This section controls signals to the chest, abdomen, and some back muscles.
- Impact of Injury: Injuries to the thoracic spine often result in paraplegia (paralysis of the lower body). The arms and hands are usually unaffected, but trunk stability may be compromised, making it difficult to sit upright or maintain balance.
3. Lumbar Spine (Lower Back)
- Location: The lumbar spine is located in the lower back and consists of five segments (L1-L5). The spinal cord itself ends around the L1-L2 level, but the nerve roots extend further.
- Functions Controlled: This section controls signals to the hips, legs, and some bladder and bowel functions.
- Impact of Injury: Injuries to the lumbar spine primarily affect the lower body. Individuals may experience partial or complete paralysis of the legs, along with loss of bladder or bowel control. However, many people retain some mobility and may use assistive devices like wheelchairs or braces.
4. Sacral Spine (Pelvic Region)
- Location: The sacral spine is located below the lumbar spine and consists of five fused segments (S1-S5). The nerve roots extend into the pelvic region.
- Functions Controlled: This section controls signals to the pelvic organs, hips, and legs.
- Impact of Injury: Injuries to the sacral spine primarily affect the lower body, including the hips, legs, and bowel/bladder control. While mobility may be preserved, individuals may experience significant functional limitations and require adaptive equipment for daily activities.
By Severity - How The Injury Affects Function
The severity of a spinal cord injury is classified based on the extent of nerve damage and the resulting loss of function. There are two main categories:
1. Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury
- Description: An incomplete SCI is like a partial blockage on a highway, some lanes remain open, allowing some signals to pass through. In this case, some nerve pathways remain intact, preserving partial function below the injury site.
- Symptoms: The effects vary widely depending on which nerves are spared. For example:
- Recovery Potential: Incomplete injuries often have a better prognosis for recovery, as the remaining nerve pathways can sometimes be strengthened through rehabilitation.
2. Complete Spinal Cord Injury
- Description: A complete SCI is like a total closure of the highway, no traffic can pass through. In this case, all nerve pathways are severed or damaged, resulting in a total loss of function below the injury site.
- Symptoms: Individuals with complete injuries experience permanent paralysis and loss of sensation in the affected areas. For example:
- Recovery Potential: Complete injuries typically have a lower chance of recovery, as there is no remaining nerve function to build upon. However, advances in medical technology and rehabilitation offer hope for improving quality of life.
Spinal Cord Segments And Phases Of Injury
The spinal cord is divided into 31 segments, each corresponding to a pair of spinal nerves. These segments are designated by a letter (indicating the spinal cord section) and a number (indicating the specific segment). For example:
- C8: The eighth and lowest segment of the cervical spine.
- T12: The twelfth and lowest segment of the thoracic spine.
Phases Of Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal cord injuries occur in distinct phases, each playing a crucial role in the severity of the damage and the recovery process. Understanding these phases is essential for effective treatment and rehabilitation.
1. Primary Injury
The primary injury refers to the initial trauma that directly damages the spinal cord. This can occur due to:
- Fractures or dislocationsof the vertebrae, which can compress or sever the spinal cord.
- Direct impactfrom falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries, or acts of violence such as gunshot or stab wounds.
- Crushing or compression injuries, where the spinal cord is squeezed due to swelling, bone fragments, or herniated discs.
The extent of damage at this stage is immediate and irreversible, setting the stage for further complications in the following hours and days.
2. Secondary Injury
Following the primary trauma, the secondary injury phase begins, lasting from hours to days or even weeks. During this phase, a series of biological processes can worsen the initial damage. Key factors contributing to secondary injury include:
- Inflammation and Swelling:The body responds to trauma with an inflammatory response, leading to swelling that can put additional pressure on the spinal cord, further restricting blood flow and oxygen supply.
- Reduced Blood Flow (Ischemia):Damage to blood vessels and swelling can impair circulation, depriving nerve cells of essential nutrients and oxygen, leading to further cell death.
- Release of Neurotoxins:Damaged cells release toxic chemicals, including free radicals and excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate. These substances can overstimulate nerve cells, causing additional injury.
- Cell Death (Apoptosis and Necrosis):Both programmed cell death (apoptosis) and uncontrolled cell death (necrosis) contribute to the progressive deterioration of spinal cord tissue.
- Formation of Scar Tissue:The body attempts to repair the damage by forming scar tissue, but this can create barriers that block nerve regeneration and hinder recovery.
- Cyst Formation:In some cases, fluid-filled cavities or cysts develop within the spinal cord, disrupting signal transmission and further impairing function.
Causes Of Spinal Cord Injuries
Spinal cord injuries occur when the spinal cord or its surrounding structures, such as the vertebrae, ligaments, or discs, are damaged. These injuries can result from sudden trauma or underlying medical conditions.
A forceful impact on the spine can lead to fractures, dislocations, compression, or crushing of the vertebrae. Severe injuries, such as those caused by gunshot wounds or knife stabs, can directly sever or penetrate the spinal cord.
In many cases, additional damage occurs in the days or weeks following the initial injury due to secondary complications like bleeding, swelling, and fluid buildup around the spinal cord.
Some spinal cord injuries are non-traumatic, meaning they develop due to medical conditions such as arthritis, cancer, spinal infections, inflammation, or degeneration of spinal discs.
Several factors can lead to spinal cord injuries, with the most frequent causes including:
- Motor vehicle accidents:Car and motorcycle crashes are the leading cause of spinal cord injuries, accounting for nearly half of new cases each year.
- Falls:Among adults over 65, falls are the most common cause of spinal cord injuries.
- Acts of violence:About 12% of spinal cord injuries result from violent incidents, often involving gunshot or stab wounds.
- Sports and recreational activities:High-impact sports, diving into shallow water, and other physical activities contribute to approximately 10% of spinal cord injuries.
- Diseases:Medical conditions such as osteoporosis, cancer, arthritis, and spinal cord inflammation can also lead to spinal cord injuries.
Risk Factors For Spinal Cord Injuries
While spinal cord injuries can affect anyone, certain factors increase the likelihood of experiencing one:
- Gender:Men are significantly more affected, with women accounting for only about 20% of all traumatic spinal cord injuries.
- Age:The highest risk groups are individuals between 16 and 30 years oldand those over 65, with falls being a major cause in older adults.
- Alcohol consumption:Roughly one in fourspinal cord injuries involves alcohol use.
- Risky activities:Engaging in dangerous behaviors, such as reckless driving, diving into shallow water, or playing contact sports without proper safety measures, increases the risk.
- Pre-existing medical conditions:Individuals with bone or joint disorders, such as osteoporosis, may suffer spinal cord injuries even from minor accidents.
Symptoms Of A Spinal Cord Injury
1. Loss Of Motor Function
One of the most apparent comlications of a spinal cord injury is a loss of motor function. The ability to move and control muscles depends on signals traveling through the spinal cord. When these signals are disrupted, individuals may experience weakness, difficulty with coordination, or complete paralysis.
The extent of movement loss depends on whether the injury is complete or incomplete. In a complete spinal cord injury, all nerve signals below the injury site are blocked, resulting in total paralysis. In an incomplete spinal cord injury, some nerve pathways remain functional, allowing for limited movement and sensation.
2. Sensory Impairments
The spinal cord is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the body to the brain. Damage to this pathway can result in numbness, tingling, or complete loss of sensation. Individuals with SCI may struggle to feel pain, temperature changes, or touch in the affected areas.
Some people experience heightened nerve sensitivity, leading to abnormal sensations like burning or tingling, even in areas that appear to have lost sensation. In severe cases, individuals may feel nothing below the injury site, making them more prone to injuries and infections without realizing it.
3. Pain And Neurological Symptoms
Chronic pain is a common issue among those with spinal cord injuries. This pain may be neuropathic, meaning it originates from damaged nerves rather than actual injury to muscles or bones. Neuropathic pain can feel like burning, stabbing, or electric shock sensations and may persist even when the affected area appears to have no sensation.
Muscle spasms, also known as spasticity, are another neurological symptom that can occur after an SCI. These spasms result from uncontrolled nerve activity, causing sudden and involuntary muscle contractions. Some individuals experience occasional twitches, while others suffer from severe and painful spasms that interfere with daily activities.
4. Bladder And Bowel Dysfunction
The spinal cord controls bladder and bowel function by transmitting signals from the brain to the digestive and urinary systems. When this communication is disrupted, individuals may struggle with incontinence, chronic constipation, or an inability to empty their bladder or bowels properly.
Loss of bladder control increases the risk of urinary tract infections, kidney damage, and bladder stones. Similarly, bowel dysfunction can lead to severe constipation, impacting digestion and overall health. Many individuals with SCI require specialized bowel and bladder management techniques, including catheters and bowel programs, to maintain their health.
5. Respiratory Issues
Breathing difficulties are common in individuals with spinal cord injuries, especially when the injury affects the cervical spine. The diaphragm, a critical muscle for breathing, is controlled by nerves that originate in the spinal cord. If these nerves are damaged, individuals may struggle to breathe independently and may require ventilator support.
Weakness in the chest muscles also increases the risk of pneumonia, a life-threatening complication in people with SCI. Many individuals with high-level injuries require respiratory therapy and breathing exercises to strengthen their lung function and reduce the risk of infections.
6. Circulatory And Temperature Regulation Issues
Spinal cord injuries can severely impact blood circulation. Some individuals experience low blood pressure due to poor autonomic nervous system function, leading to dizziness, fainting, or difficulty maintaining adequate blood flow. Blood clot formation, particularly deep vein thrombosis (DVT), is also a significant risk due to reduced mobility.
Temperature regulation can also be affected. Many people with SCI struggle to sweat or shiver appropriately, making them highly susceptible to extreme temperatures. In hot weather, they may overheat quickly, while in cold conditions, they may have trouble keeping warm.
7. Pressure Injuries (Bedsores)
A loss of sensation below the site of a spinal cord injury increases the risk of pressure injuries, also known as bedsores. When the skin is subjected to prolonged pressure without relief, it can break down, leading to open sores that are prone to infection and slow to heal.
Because individuals with spinal cord injuries may not feel pain or discomfort in affected areas, they may not realize when tissue damage is occurring. Pressure sores typically develop over bony areas such as the tailbone, hips, heels, and elbows. Without proper care, they can progress through stages of severity, from mild redness to deep wounds that expose muscle and bone.
Preventive measures include frequent repositioning, specialized cushions or mattresses to reduce pressure, and daily skin inspections. Caregivers and healthcare professionals play a crucial role in educating patients about proper skincare routines, pressure relief techniques, and warning signs of developing sores.
8. Bone Density Loss
Due to decreased mobility and the inability to bear weight on bones, individuals with spinal cord injuries face a heightened risk of osteoporosis, a condition that weakens bones and increases fracture risk. The lack of mechanical stress on bones leads to rapid bone demineralization, particularly in the legs and hips.
To maintain bone health, doctors may recommend calcium and vitamin D supplementation, weight-bearing exercises (if possible), electrical stimulation therapy, and routine bone density scans. Preventive measures are essential, as fractures in immobile individuals can be difficult to detect and slow to heal.
9. Muscle Tone Changes
Muscle tone is often significantly altered after a spinal cord injury. Two main conditions can occur:
- Spasticity: Muscles become stiff, tight, or contract involuntarily. This can lead to pain, joint deformities, and difficulty with movement.
- Flaccidity: Muscles become soft and weak due to a lack of nerve signals, making it harder to move or support body weight.
Both conditions can impact daily activities, posture, and overall mobility. Treatments include physical therapy, stretching exercises, medication (such as muscle relaxants), and in severe cases, surgical interventions like tendon release procedures or nerve blocks.
10. Fitness And Overall Well-being
After a spinal cord injury, maintaining physical health can be challenging due to reduced activity levels. In the early stages, many individuals experience rapid muscle loss and weight reduction due to immobility.
Over time, however, limited movement can lead to weight gain, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. A personalized fitness program, guided by physical and occupational therapists, can help improve cardiovascular health, maintain muscle strength, and enhance mobility.
Adaptive sports, wheelchair exercises, and strength training tailored to individual abilities can encourage an active lifestyle. A balanced diet, monitored by a dietitian, is also crucial for managing weight and preventing chronic diseases.
11. Sexual Health And Fertility
Spinal cord injuries can affect sexual function, but they do not eliminate the possibility of intimacy or reproduction. The extent of changes depends on the location and severity of the injury.
Men may experience difficulties with erection, ejaculation, and sperm motility, while women may face changes in vaginal lubrication and sensation. Despite these challenges, many individuals find ways to maintain fulfilling relationships.
Urologists and fertility specialists can provide treatments such as erectile aids, fertility assistance, and medical therapies. Psychological counseling and open communication with partners can also help individuals navigate changes in intimacy.
12. Pain Management
Pain is a common issue after a spinal cord injury and can take different forms:
- Musculoskeletal pain:Caused by overuse of certain muscles due to altered movement patterns.
- Neuropathic pain:A burning, tingling, or shooting pain resulting from nerve damage.
- Visceral pain:Pain in internal organs, often related to digestive issues.
Effective pain management often requires a multidisciplinary approach, including medications (such as nerve pain relievers), physical therapy, acupuncture, massage therapy, and alternative treatments like electrical stimulation. Identifying the right combination of therapies is essential for improving quality of life.
13. Mental Health And Emotional Well-being
Adjusting to life after a spinal cord injury is emotionally challenging. Many individuals experience grief, frustration, anxiety, and depression as they navigate new limitations. The psychological impact of chronic pain, loss of independence, and social barriers can contribute to mental health struggles.
Counseling, therapy, peer support groups, and medication can help individuals manage emotional distress. Setting realistic goals, focusing on personal achievements, and engaging in meaningful activities can promote resilience and emotional well-being.
How Are Spinal Cord Injuries Diagnosed?
Diagnosing a spinal cord injury (SCI) requires a thorough and systematic approach to determine the extent and location of the damage. Healthcare providers use a combination of physical examinations, neurological assessments, advanced imaging techniques, and specialized diagnostic tests to accurately identify and evaluate the injury.
1. Physical Examination
The physical exam is the first step in assessing a potential spinal cord injury. It helps the healthcare provider identify visible signs of trauma and gather initial clues about the injury’s severity.
2. Neurological Examination
A neurological exam is critical for evaluating how the injury has affected the nervous system. It helps determine the level of impairment in movement, sensation, and reflexes.
3. Imaging Scans
Imaging scans provide detailed visuals of the spine and surrounding structures, helping to pinpoint the exact location and extent of the injury.
4. Diagnostic Tests
Specialized diagnostic tests are used to assess the function of nerves and muscles, providing additional insights into the injury’s impact on the nervous system.
Treatment And Recovery For Spinal Cord Injuries
The treatment and recovery process for a spinal cord injury varies depending on the severity and type of injury. Medical professionals evaluate each case individually to create a personalized treatment plan that focuses on managing complications and promoting recovery.
Surgical intervention is often the initial step, especially when there is a risk of further spinal damage. The type of surgery performed depends on the specific nature of the injury and aims to stabilize the spine and prevent additional harm.
Rehabilitation therapies, including physical therapy, occupational therapy, and long-term rehabilitation, are essential for improving mobility, maintaining strength, and enhancing overall quality of life. Many individuals require ongoing therapy sessions to help them regain function and adapt to daily activities. To ensure a smooth recovery, experts recommend personalized rehabilitation programs that are AI detector free, focusing entirely on human-guided assessments and tailored treatments.
Emotional support and psychological care are also important aspects of recovery. Counseling and psychotherapy can assist individuals in coping with the emotional impact of a spinal cord injury. Support from family and friends plays a crucial role in navigating daily challenges and adjusting to life after the injury.
Regular medical check-ups are necessary to monitor progress, manage potential complications, and explore assistive technologies or adaptive equipment that can improve independence and quality of life.
When Should You Seek Help For Spinal Cord Injury Symptoms?
Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are medical emergencies that require immediate attention. If you suspect a spinal cord injury whether due to an accident, fall, or other trauma—it’s crucial to act quickly. Delaying medical care can lead to further damage, permanent disability, or even life-threatening complications. Here’s a detailed guide on when to seek help and what symptoms to watch for:
1. Sudden Loss Of Movement Or Sensation
If you or someone else experiences a sudden inability to move parts of the body (such as arms, legs, or fingers) or a loss of sensation (numbness or tingling), this could indicate spinal cord damage.
Loss of movement or sensation often means that nerve signals are being blocked or disrupted, which can lead to permanent paralysis if not treated promptly.
2. Severe Pain In The Back, Neck, Or Head
Intense, sharp, or throbbing pain in the back, neck, or head, especially after an injury, is a red flag. The pain may radiate to other areas, such as the shoulders or legs.
Severe pain can indicate spinal cord compression, fractures, or other structural damage that requires immediate medical intervention.
3. Difficulty Breathing Or Coughing
Shortness of breath, shallow breathing, or an inability to take deep breaths can signal a high-level spinal cord injury, particularly in the cervical (neck) region.
The spinal cord controls the diaphragm and other muscles involved in breathing. Damage to this area can lead to respiratory failure, which is life-threatening.
4. Loss Of Bladder
Inability to control urination or bowel movements, or sudden changes in bladder or bowel habits, can indicate damage to the nerves controlling these functions.
Loss of bladder or bowel control not only affects quality of life but can also lead to complications like infections or kidney damage if not managed properly.
Other Warning Signs
- Muscle Spasms or Weakness: Sudden, involuntary muscle contractions or noticeable weakness in the limbs.
- Autonomic Dysreflexia: A dangerous condition causing sudden high blood pressure, often accompanied by headaches, sweating, or blurred vision.
What To Do Next
If you or someone else experiences any of these symptoms, call emergency services immediately. Do not attempt to move the person, as this could worsen the injury. Early treatment can stabilize the spine, reduce swelling, and prevent further damage, significantly improving the chances of recovery.
Adapting To Life After A Spinal Cord Injury
Living with a spinal cord injury can be challenging, but with the right strategies and support, many individuals lead fulfilling, active lives. Here’s a detailed look at how to adapt and improve quality of life after an SCI:
1. Assistive Devices
- Wheelchairs: Modern wheelchairs are designed for comfort and mobility, with options for manual or electric models. Some are even customized for specific activities like sports or outdoor adventures.
- Braces and Supports: Orthotic devices can help stabilize joints, improve posture, and enhance mobility for those with partial paralysis.
- Communication Aids: For individuals with limited hand or arm function, speech-generating devices or eye-tracking technology can facilitate communication.
2. Therapy And Emotional Support
- Physical Therapy: Regular sessions with a physical therapist can help improve strength, flexibility, and mobility. Therapists also teach techniques for transferring in and out of wheelchairs or using assistive devices.
- Occupational Therapy: This focuses on improving daily living skills, such as dressing, cooking, and using technology, to promote independence.
- Counseling and Support Groups: Emotional well-being is just as important as physical recovery. Counseling can help individuals cope with the emotional impact of an SCI, while support groups provide a sense of community and shared experiences.
3. Lifestyle Changes
- Regular Exercise: Staying active is essential for maintaining muscle strength, cardiovascular health, and mental well-being. Adaptive sports like wheelchair basketball, swimming, or hand cycling are great options.
- Healthy Diet: A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains can help prevent complications like pressure sores, infections, and weight gain.
- Skin Care: Individuals with SCIs are at higher risk of pressure sores due to reduced mobility. Regular skin checks, proper cushioning, and frequent repositioning are essential for prevention.
4. Building A Support Network
- Family and Friends: A strong support system can make a significant difference in emotional and practical aspects of daily life.
- Professional Caregivers: For those with severe injuries, professional caregivers can assist with daily tasks and medical needs.
- Community Resources: Many organizations offer resources, such as financial assistance, adaptive equipment, and recreational programs, to help individuals with SCIs thrive.
- Reliable Information:Accessing trustworthy medical and educational materials is essential. Using a plagiarism checkerensures that research on spinal cord injuries remains accurate and credible.
5. Embracing A New Normal
- Setting Goals: Whether it’s returning to work, pursuing a hobby, or traveling, setting achievable goals can provide motivation and a sense of purpose.
- Staying Positive: While adapting to life after an SCI can be difficult, maintaining a positive outlook and focusing on abilities rather than limitations can make a big difference.
People Also Ask
What Happens After A Spinal Cord Injury?
An injury to the upper part of the spinal cord can cause paralysis in most of the body and affect all limbs (tetraplegia or quadriplegia). An injury that happens lower down the spinal cord may only affect a person's lower body and legs (paraplegia).
Can Spinal Cord Injuries Be Repaired?
Unfortunately, there are at present no known ways to reverse damage to the spinal cord. However, researchers are continually working on new treatments, including prostheses and medications, which may promote regeneration of nerve cells or improve the function of the nerves that remain after an SCI.
Can You Live With A Damaged Spinal Cord?
Research studies are ongoing around the world. In the meantime, treatments and rehabilitation allow many people with spinal cord injuries to lead productive, independent lives.
Final Thought
A spinal cord injury can have a profound impact on a person’s life, affecting mobility, independence, and overall well-being. Understanding the symptoms of SCI is essential for early intervention, which can significantly improve outcomes and quality of life.
Although there is currently no cure for spinal cord injuries, medical advancements in rehabilitation, assistive devices, and nerve regeneration research offer hope for the future. With the right support, treatment, and adaptive strategies, individuals with SCI can lead fulfilling and meaningful lives despite their challenges.
Jump to
What Is Spinal Cord Injury?
Types Of Spinal Cord Injuries
Spinal Cord Segments And Phases Of Injury
Causes Of Spinal Cord Injuries
Risk Factors For Spinal Cord Injuries
Symptoms Of A Spinal Cord Injury
How Are Spinal Cord Injuries Diagnosed?
Treatment And Recovery For Spinal Cord Injuries
When Should You Seek Help For Spinal Cord Injury Symptoms?
Adapting To Life After A Spinal Cord Injury
People Also Ask
Final Thought
Dr. Bill Butcher
Author
With more than two decades of experience, Dr. Bill Butcher aims to provide a repository for educational materials, sources of information, details of forthcoming events, and original articles related to the medical field and about health subjects that matter to you. His goal is to help make your life better, to help you find your way when faced with healthcare decisions, and to help you feel better about your health and that of your family.
Bill received his medical degree at Boston University School of Medicine and spent his entire career helping people find the health and medical information, support, and services they need. His mission is to help millions of people feel fantastic by restoring them to optimal health.
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